USB Pin Configuration

 

ATX SMPS Power Connectors

 

DIP MEMORY MODULES

 

Dual Inline Packages (DIPs) and Memory Modules

Most memory chips are packaged into small plastic or ceramic packages called dual inline packages or DIPs. A DIP is a rectangular package with rows of pins running along its two longer edges. Older computer systems used DIP memory directly, either soldering it to the motherboard or placing it in sockets that had been soldered to the motherboard. At that time most systems had a small amount of memory (less than one megabyte) and this was the simplest way to do things. However, this arrangement caused many problems. Chips directly soldered onto the motherboard would mean the entire motherboard had to be trashed if any of the memory chips ever went bad.

SSD:- SOLID STATE DRIVE

 

Ssd:- solid-state drive (SSD) Solid State Drive (SSD) is a non-volatile storage device that stores and retrieves data constantly on solid-state flash memory. However, this data is stored on interconnected flash memory chips instead of platters, which makes them faster than HDDs. It provides better performance compared to HDD.it is a solid-state storage device that uses integrated circuit assemblies as memory to store data. SSD is also known as solid-state disk although SSDs do not have physical disks. There are no moving mechanical components in SSD. This makes them different from conventional electromechanical drives such as hard disk drives (HDDs) or floppy disks, which contain movable read/write heads and spinning disks. SSDs are typically more resistant to physical shock, run silently, have quicker access time and lower latency compared to electromechanical devices.  most SSDs use 3D TLC NAND-based flash memory. It is a type of non-volatile memory that retains data even when power is lost. SSDs may be constructed from random-access memory (RAM) for applications requiring fast access but not necessarily data persistence after power loss. Batteries can be employed as integrated power sources in such devices to retain data for a certain amount of time after external power is lost. 

SSDs store data in electrical charges, which slowly leak over time if left without power. This is the reason why SSDs are not suited for archival purposes as the worn out drives (that have exceeded their endurance rating) start to lose data typically after one (if stored at 30 °C) to two (at 25 °C) years in storage. 

Hard Disk Drive	Solid State Drive
1.     HDD has longer Read and Write time.	1.     SSD has a shorter Read and Write time.
2.     HDD has higher latency.	2.     SSD has a lower latency.
3.     HDD supports fewer I/O operations per second (IOPS).	3.     SSD supports more I/O operations per second(IOPS).
4.     Over a longer time, and with larger files stored on an HDD, there is a high chance of fragmentation.	4.     Fragmentation doesn’t occur on an SSD drive.
5.     HDD is available in various different capacities.	5.     An SSD drive offers limited storage capacities.
6.     HDD stands for Hard Disk Drive.	6.     SSD stands for Solid State Drive.
7.     HDD offers a slower speed for reading and writing data.	7.     SSD is faster at reading and writing data.
8.     An HDD weighs more.	8.     SDD drives are lighter than HDD drives as they don’t have the rotating disks spindle, and mirror.
9.     The performance of HDD drives worsens because of the fragmentation.	9.     SSD drive performance is never impacted by fragmentation.
10.  The moving parts of HDDs make them vulnerable to crashes and damage because of vibration.	10.  SSD drives can tolerate vibration up to 2000Hz, that is more than HDD.
11.  HDD contains moving mechanical parts, like the arm.	11.  SSD does not contain mechanical parts, only electronic parts like ICs.
12.  HDD drive is older and more traditional.	12.  SSD is a newer type of storage drive.
13.  HDD can produce noise due to mechanical movements.	13.  SSD does not produce noise.
14.  HDD are usually 3.5″ and 2.5″ size for desktop and laptops.	14.  SSD is available in 2.5 inch, 1.8″ and 1.0″, increasing the available space in a computer, especially desktop or server.
15.  The HDD has moving part and magnetic platters. With more uses they are prone to fail.	15.  The SSD drive has no moving parts. With more uses they are less likely to fail.

 

 

 

WINDOWS MAINTENENCE COMMANDS

    

Basic controlpanel commands:- (use from run prompt)

1.     Control Access.cpl              windows accessibility tools

2.     Appwiz.cpl               add or remove programs or programs and features.

3.     Desk.cpl                    display properties

4.     Firewall.cpl              windows firewall setting

5.     hdwwiz.cpl              add hardware wizard or device manager

6.     Inetcpl.cpl                internet properties (internet explorer)

7.     Intl.cpl                       region and language properties

8.     Main.cpl                    mouse properties

9.     Mmsys.cpl                sound and media device settings

10.                        Ncpa.cpl                    network adapter or local area connections

11.                        Netsetup.cpl (or)    net work setup wizard (control netsetup.cpl in windows 7)

12.                        Nusrmgr.cpl             user accounts in control panel (control nusrmgr.cpl in windows 7)

13.                        Powercfg.cpl           power options in control panel

14.                        Sysdm.cpl                 system properties dialog box.

15.                        Timedate.cpl            date and time settings

16.                        Wscui.cpl                  windows security center

17.                        Wuaucpl.cpl                        windows update settings

18.                        Control system        system properties

 

Systemtools:-

19.                        Cleanmgr                  disk clean up wizard

20.                        Cmd                           dos command prompt

21.                        Command                dos command prompt

22.                        Mip                             math input in windows 7 are higher

23.                        Mstsc                         remote desktop connection

24.                        Rstrui                         restore and back up options

25.                        Osk                             on screen keyboard

26.                        Magnify                    windows magnifier

27.                        Narrator                   windows narrator

28.                        Msinfo32                  system information

29.                        Msconfig                   system startup configuration

30.                        Dxdiag                       direct x diagnostic tool

31.                        Control                      control panel

32.                        Taskmgr                    task manger in windows

33.                        Perfmon                   performance monitor

 

Dos commands (on command prompt):-

34.                        Systeminfo               system information tool

35.                        Set                              display, set software path

36.                        Defrag                       disk defragment

37.                        Tasklist                      display list of running tasks in windows

38.                        Taskkill                      to stop running tasks

39.                        Convert                     to convert fat file system in to ntfs

40.                        Format                      to format and erase all data in selected drive

41.                        Mem                          display memory information

42.                        Net user                    display list of user account in our computer

43.                        Net user username   /add            to create new user account

44.                        Net user username   *                   to set password for user account

45.                        Net user username   /del              to delete user account

46.                        Logoff                                    to close all running services and logoff computer

47.                        Shutdown  –s          to shutdown computer in 60 seconds

48.                        Shutdown  –a          to abort shutdown process

49.                        Recover                     to recover files from unreadable areas

50.                        Chkdsk                      to check drives for file system errors

51.                        Bootcfg                     to display boot script

52.                        Ipconfig                     show internet ip address configuration

53.                        Net view                   display list of net work computer in our workgroup

54.                        Ping                            check net work connection status

 

 

 

Administrative tools:-

55.                        services.msc                        local services

56.                        lusrmgr.msc             local users & groups

57.                        eventvwr.msc         event viewer

58.                        compmgmt.msc     computer management

59.                        devmgmt.msc         device manager

60.                        dfrg.msc                   disk defragmenter

61.                        diskmgmt.msc         hard disk management tools

62.                        secpol.msc               local security policies

63.                        taskschd.msc           task scheduler.